Lagrangian Sampling for Emerging Contaminants Through an Urban Stream Corridor in Colorado1

Abstract: Recent national concerns regarding the environmental occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) have catalyzed a series of recent studies. Many ECs are released into the environment through discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and other sources. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey and the City of Longmont initiated an investigation of selected ECs in a 13.8‐km reach of St. Vrain Creek, Colorado. Seven sites were sampled for ECs following a Lagrangian design; sites were located upstream, downstream, and in the outfall of the Longmont WWTP, and at the mouths of two tributaries, Left Hand Creek and Boulder Creek (which is influenced by multiple WWTP outfalls). Samples for 61 ECs in 16 chemical use categories were analyzed and 36 were detected in one or more samples. Of these, 16 have known or suspected endocrine‐disrupting potential. At and downstream from the WWTP outfall, detergent metabolites, fire retardants, and steroids were detected at the highest concentrations, which commonly exceeded 1 μg/l in 2005 and 2 μg/l in 2006. Most individual ECs were measured at concentrations less than 2 μg/l. The results indicate that outfalls from WWTPs are the largest but may not be the sole source of ECs in St. Vrain Creek. In 2005, high discharge was associated with fewer EC detections, lower total EC concentrations, and smaller EC loads in St. Vrain Creek and its tributaries as compared with 2006. EC behavior differed by individual compound, and some differences between sites could be attributed to analytical variability or to other factors such as physical or chemical characteristics or distance from contributing sources. Loads of some ECs, such as diethoxynonylphenol, accumulated or attenuated depending on location, discharge, and distance downstream from the WWTP, whereas others, such as bisphenol A, were largely conservative. The extent to which ECs in St. Vrain Creek affect native fish species and macroinvertebrate communities is unknown, but recent studies have shown that fish respond to very low concentrations of ECs, and further study on the fate and transport of these contaminants in the aquatic environment is warranted.     

上海城市河流生态系统服务的支付意愿

条件价值评估法(CVM)是推导环境资源生态系统服务的支付意愿的标准方法之一.以全国城市河流整治的样板工程--上海浦东张家浜为例,采用支付卡式CVM研究方法,对该城市河流生态系统服务的支付意愿进行了分析.共发放支付卡式CVM问卷800份,回收有效问卷646份.获得张家浜生态系统服务的平均支付意愿为195.07～253.04元/(a·户),将研究结果与国内外部分研究进行了比较.讨论了支付意愿的分布形态和范围,对支付意愿与受访者个人社会经济变量(收入、学历、捐款经历和环境态度等)的回归关系进行了较为详细的分析,并对回归结论进行了环境经济学解释.对支付卡式CVM研究中导致支付意愿产生偏差的部分原因作了一定讨论.最后提出了用CVM推导支付意愿的研究方法面对的批评和争议以及CVM研究结论可靠性的环境决策依据.     

Coupling PCSWMM and WASP to Evaluate Green Stormwater Infrastructure Impacts to Storm Sediment Loads in an Urban Watershed

We coupled rainfall–runoff and instream water quality models to evaluate total suspended solids (TSS) in Wissahickon Creek, a mid‐sized urban stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Using stormwater runoff and instream field data, we calibrated the model at a subdaily scale and focused on storm responses. We demonstrate that treating event mean concentrations as a calibration parameter rather than a fixed input can substantially improve model performance. Urban stormwater TSS concentrations vary widely in time and space and are difficult to represent simply. Suspended and deposited sediment pose independent stressors to stream biota and model results suggest that both currently impair stream health in Wissahickon Creek. Retrofitting existing detention basins to prioritize infiltration reduced instream TSS loads by 20%, suggesting that infiltration mitigates sediment more effectively than detention. Infiltrating stormwater from 30% of the watershed reduced instream TSS loads by 47% and cut the frequency of TSS exceeding 100 mg/L by half. Settled loads and the frequency of high TSS values were reduced by a smaller fraction than suspended loads and duration at high TSS values. A widely distributed network of infiltration‐focused projects is an effective stormwater management strategy to mitigate sediment stress. Coupling rainfall–runoff and water quality models is an important way to integrate watershed‐wide impacts and evaluate how management directly affects urban stream health.     

PROJECTION OF URBANIZATION EFFECTS ON RUNOFF USING CLARK INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: To alleviate serious flooding problems brought upon by rapid urbanization in the Beargrass Creek watershed, located in Louisville, Kentucky, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertook a major flood study in 1973. In order to predict flood conditions in 1990, the year when the watershed was expected to undergo complete urbanization, trends in the Clark Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (Clark IUH) parameters were utilized to determine the 1990 unit hydrograph and flood conditions. Based on the results from this flood study, this paper demonstrates the applicability of using projected Clark IUH parameters for modeling future runoff conditions in an urbanizing watershed. Values of these parameters, as estimated from maximum annual historical flood data, are used to develop regression models for predicting future Clark IUH parameters. Using the projected parameters, selected annual flood events since 1973 are simulated in order to verify the accuracy of these projections. Results show a close correspondence between the simulated and observed flood characteristics. Hence, the use of projected Clark IUH parameters is an appropriate procedure for modeling future runoff conditions in an urbanizing watershed.     

苏州河生态恢复初期自净能力的综合评估方法

利用苏州河水的化学及生物学参数,以及水样对几种添加化学品的降解延滞期及降解率,综合评估了水体自净能力,并探讨了苏州河生态恢复初期自净能力的评估方法。对比2008年上、下游水样对醋酸钠、苯酚、苯胺、二甘醇、乙二醇、三聚乙醛等6种化学品的降解情况,比较分析了2006年及2008年两年度间苏州河自净能力的变化。相对2006年而言,2008年水体的氧化还原电位急剧下降,上、下游水体对化学品降解能力整体减弱,三聚乙醛降解能力的减弱尤为明显,降解率从2006年的77.82%和88.73%降至2008年的35.83%和65.86%。在外部有机物输入量无明显变化的情况下,上游的好氧异养菌数由2006年的4.7×104CFU/mL降为2008年的2.2×103CFU/mL。2008年苏州河上游水体对化学品(二甘醇除外)降解能力较下游水体更弱,且延滞期长。与2006年相比,2008年苏州河水体的自净能力整体减弱,上游水体自净能力的损失更为明显。     

苏州河大型底栖动物群落结构变化

2005年4月至12月,对苏州河4个断面大型底栖动物群落密度、生物量、多样性指数以及优势种组成进行调查,并与1999年、2001年和2003年的调查数据相比较,探讨苏州河底栖动物群落结构的变化。结果表明:苏州河底栖动物种数从2001年最多的14种降至2005年最少的8种;平均密度由1999年最高值34 445.1 m-2降至2001年最低值3 746.6 m-2,其后又上升至2005年的22 770.8 m-2;生物量由1999年最高值285.33 g.m-2降至2005年最低值31.78 g.m-2;Shannon-W iener多样性指数平均值则由2001年最高值1.20降至2003年最低值0.49;P ielou均匀性指数由2001年的0.67降至2003年的0.40。赵屯、黄渡断面优势种从1999年、2001年的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)变为2003年、2005年的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffm eisteri),而北新泾、浙江路桥断面优势种未发生变化。根据苏州河底栖动物群落结构变化,将苏州河底栖动物群落的恢复划分为2个阶段:1999年、2001年苏州河底栖动物恢复较快,2003年、2005年恢复较缓。     

苏州河底栖动物群落恢复过程动态研究

2000年10月至2003年4月,对苏州河8个采样点的底栖动物群落恢复状况的调查结果表明,苏州河底栖动物群落优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、中华颤蚓和霍甫水丝蚓,种类数比1999年有所增加,但仍以耐污种为主。对不同水体间生态环境的对比分析表明,底栖动物群落结构与水体污染程度之间具有较强的相关性,由此建立了底栖动物恢复指数,该指数可以客观地指示底栖动物群落恢复的动态过程。结合历史资料研究显示,苏州河底栖动物恢复指数呈持续上升趋势,恢复迹象比较明显。     

彭越浦苏州河河口底泥沉积特征与意义

在对彭越浦-东茭泾河道污染底泥分布的调查过程中，发现大部分河道底泥的垂直分布与苏州河及其支流大多数河道的底泥分布一致。而彭越浦交通路桥到中山北路桥段的河道底泥，却出现了特有的垂向分布。这种河道底泥从垂向上，其表层污染物含量较低，接近河道自然底泥的背景值。它是由于苏州河河水流入彭越浦，流速降低而形成的拥水沉积，其形成与彭越浦及苏州河的水文条件密切相关。这种特殊的河道底泥的发现，为苏州河支流及类似河道的治理提供了新思路。     

小型岸边站技术在水质自动监测中稳定性和可靠性分析

以苏州河水质自动监测岸边站为例,根据近3年实际运行情况,从实样验收比对、连续运行比对等方面系统比较自动监测和实验室分析数据,深入探讨小型岸边站技术的稳定性和可靠性。结果表明:岸边站在线监测数据总体较为稳定,水温、溶解氧、p H、氨氮等监测结果和变化规律与实验室数据具有较好的相关性和一致性,其中,水温、p H、氨氮等指标均不存在明显差异,苏州河水质自动在线岸边站测定的数据真实可靠。加强自动站运维管理等可以进一步提高自动站数据质量。     

吹扫捕集-GC/MS法测定南宁市竹排冲黑臭河道水体嗅味物质

利用吹扫捕集-GC/MS法对引起南宁市竹排冲河道水体黑臭的嗅味物质进行检测分析。结果表明,导致竹排冲水体黑臭的嗅味物质主要为苯系物、硫类化合物和氯苯类化合物,其中甲硫醚(相对含量1.70%)、二甲基二硫醚(相对含量3.19%)、甲基丙基二硫醚(相对含量6.11%)等挥发性有机物为竹排冲水体中的主要致嗅物质,是竹排冲水体嗅味产生的主要原因。